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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Atomic Theory</title>
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<h4><a href="#">Patterns of the Periodic table: Why are elements organized so awkwardly</a></h4>
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<li class="author">by:<a href="index.html">Mitchell Shiell</a></li>
<li class="date">date:<a>June 1, 2020</a></li>
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<p class="mb-30">The periodic table is an extraordinary human achievement. It catalogues the complete set of elements that make the entirety of matter in our universe. Yes, everything from us to distant stars and even if found, alien life.</p>
<p class="mb-30">The periodic table has 118 elements, what is an element? Each element is a unique species of atom. The uniqueness is primarily based on the number of protons found within the nucleus</p>
<p class="mb-30">This means that the atomic number found on each tile from 1 to 118 tells us exactly how many protons are in that given element.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Hydrogen, Atomic Number 1, one proton in nucleus</p>
<p>Oxygen, Atomic Number 6, six protons in nucleus</p>
<p>Plutonium, Atomic Number 94, ninety-four protons in nucleus</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="mb-30">Now if you remember the anatomy of atoms, you remember that atom contain protons, neutrons, and orbiting electrons.</p>
<p class="mb-30">The number below the elements abbreviated name, is its atomic mass unit (amu), as the name implies it represents the mass of the atom. Electrons are essentially massless, so the atomic mass number is really the weight of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. </p>
<p class="mb-30">What is convenient is protons and neutrons have atomic masses of 1 amu, and since electrons are massless you can subtract the atomic number, which just represents the number of protons, from the atomic mass and get the average number of neutrons!</p>
<p class="mb-30">Average number of neutrons? Well protons and neutrons don’t exist one to one, although a symmetry like that would be nice differing numbers of neutrons can exist in any given element. This is why the atomic mass is usually followed by decimal points, because some atoms of any given element can have more or less neutrons in its nucleus. Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons are called Isotopes. </p>
<p class="mb-30">Protons, neutrons, but what about electrons? Although they are essentially massless, they do have a negative charge. So, if an atom were to lose an electron (which they can) we’d have less negative charge. If an atom were to gain an electron (which again, they can) we’d have more negative charge. Less negative charge is the same as saying “more positive” so we call atoms that lose electrons positive ions, atoms that gain electrons become “more negative” these are called negative ions.</p>
<p class="mb-30">General tip, we humans sure love stories, and often times we hold the words negative and positive with moral attachments such good and evil, at least I did, it’s not necessary though, and confuses the situation. Negative ions aren’t “evil”, positive charges are “good”, they are just terms to describe charge.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>So far, we learned the following</p>
<li>
<ul>Elements are unique species of atoms separated by the number of protons in their nucleus</ul>
<ul>The periodic table is numbered 1 to 118, the atomic number tells us how many protons are in the nucleus</ul>
<ul>The atomic mass is measured in AMU and represents the mass of the atom</ul>
<ul>Protons = 1 AMU</ul>
<ul>Neutrons = 1 AMU</ul>
<ul>Electrons = 0 AMU</ul>
</li>
</blockquote>
<p class="mb-30">Let’s build the atoms of the periodic table</p>
<p class="mb-30">For the purposes of these examples we will use the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom that visualized the atom with electrons orbiting the positively charged nucleus at defined orbits (we will see how these orbits are defined as we build the atoms of the periodic table)</p>
<p class="mb-30">We won’t be worried about representing all the different isotopes of each atom. Again, isotopes are atoms that contain more or less neutrons than the standard species of the element.</p>
<p class="mb-30">Okay so what better place to start than atomic number 1, Hydrogen</p>
<blockquote>
<img src="assets/img/blog/hydrogen.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p>Hydrogen is our simplest element/species of atom, it contains a single proton with a single electron orbiting. On the right we see another way of representing hydrogen, with the atomic number (the number of protons) subscripted, and the atomic mass (rounded) superscripted. </p>
</blockquote>
<p class="mb-30">Next up, Helium</p>
<blockquote>
<img src="assets/img/blog/helium.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p>Our nucleus now has two protons. Our atomic mass is about 4 so therefore we have 2 neutrons (Atomic mass (4) – Atomic Number (2)). We now have two electrons orbiting the nucleus. This makes sense because the two negatively charged electrons balance the 2 positively charged protons in the nucleus. Remember the Neutrons are Neutrally charged (Don’t worry a lot of people mix this up early on). On the right is out Nuclear Nomenclature. Again the Atomic mass is superscripted (4), and the atomic number is subscripted.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="mb-30">Next on our table is the atomic number 3, lithium, you might already have guessed by now that it contains 3 protons. Furthermore, you can infer that this means 3 electrons should orbit its nucleus. If this is the case, you are absolutely right! However, we will start to see the electrons begin to organise at different orbits. Can you guess how many neutrons? Remember to calculate the number of neutrons you need to know the atomic number (it’s 3) and the atomic mass (approximately 7)</p>
<blockquote>
<img src="assets/img/blog/lithium.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p>Surprise! Okay so as we can see Lithium has 3 protons as corresponding by the atomic number. Now it contains (on average) 4 Neutrons, we can calculate this by simply subtracting the atomic mass (about 7 AMU) from the atomic number (3 protons have a mass of 3 AMU), leaving us with 4 AMU worth of neutrons which is 4 neutrons. </p>
</blockquote>
<p class="mb-30">Okay now what about the electrons. The electrons at the most outer orbit or “shell” are called valence electrons, in the bhor Rutherford model as we move along the table, increasing our protons one by one, and therefore increasing the amount of electrons one by one, these electrons will fill the our valence shell in a predictable pattern.</p>
<blockquote>
<li>
<ul>1st shell = Maximum 2 electrons</ul>
<ul>2nd shell = Maximum 8 electrons</ul>
<ul>3rd shell = Maximum 18 electrons</ul>
<ul>4th shell = Maximum 32 electrons</ul>
<ul>5th shell = Maximum 32 electrons</ul>
<ul>6th shell = Maximum 18 electrons</ul>
<ul>7th shell = Maximum 8 electrons</ul>
</li>
</blockquote>
<p class="mb-30">In order to see this in action we will skip ahead to some bigger species of atoms (elements). I recommend you draw some atoms out yourself to get a feel for these new rules.</p>
<p class="mb-30">Okay let’s get crazy and skip to atomic number 79, Gold</p>
<blockquote>
<img src="assets/img/blog/gold.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p>As you can see the same rules apply when it comes to protons and neutrons. I unapologetically got lazy and refused to animate all 79 protons and 188 neutrons in the nucleus. What we can appreciate here though is how the electrons have filled there orbital as described earlier. This should help make it clearer for you have the outer most orbit the valence shell is the 6th circle, you can see the number of electrons per orbital written out as 2-8-18-32-18-1.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Do I really need to draw all these electrons every time I want to draw an atom? Hell no! that would suck. We will see when it comes to atoms interacting the outermost electrons, the valence electrons are most important. Therefore, we can use a form of drawing atoms called Lewis diagrams. The Lewis diagram for gold looks like this:</p>
<blockquote>
<img src="assets/img/blog/lewis.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p>As you can see it simplifies the whole process tremendously! Below gold I've added the lewis diagrams for hydrogen, helium and lithium aswell</i> </p>
</blockquote>
<p>Now with the power of being able to draw all the species of atoms/elements we can to uncover why the table is in this seemingly strange shape.</p>
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