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Cells.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Cells</title>
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<a href="#"><h4>Life and Cells</h4></a>
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<li class="author">by:<a href="index.html">Mitchell Shiell</a></li>
<li class="date">date:<a>Sept 4, 2021</a></li>
<li class="date">Estimated time:<a>10 minutes</a></li>
<li class="author">State:<a>1st draft</a></li>
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<p>
<h5>Characteristics that all forms of life share</h5>
<p class="mb-30"> When we look at the two images below we know instinctively that the dog is living and the ballon is not. Yet the atoms found in the balloon are no different from the atoms found in the living. Furthermore these atoms follow the same rules set out by chemistry and physics. So how then do we clearly divide the abiotic (non-living) from the biotic (living)?
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<p class="mb-10">Our definition of life is guided by the following principles:</p>
<li>
<ul><b>1. Displays order:</b> forms of life are arranged in a highly ordered manner with the cell being the fundamental unit of life</ul>
<ul><b>2. Harnesses and utilizes energy:</b> All life acquires energy from the environment and uses it to maintain their ordered state</ul>
<ul><b>3. Reproduces:</b> All organism can make more of their own kind (viruses require hosts to do this and therefore are often not considered “living”)</ul>
<ul><b>4. Respond to stimuli:</b> organisms can adjust their structure function and behavior in response to changes in the external environment</ul>
<ul><b>5. Exhibit Homeostasis:</b> Organisms can regulate their internal environment such that conditions remain relatively constant</ul>
<ul><b>6. Growth and development:</b> All organisms increase their size by increasing the size and or number of cells </ul>
<ul><b>7. Evolves:</b> populations of living organism change over the course of generations to become better adapted to their environment</ul>
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<p class="mb-30">If this is our definition of biology, that which is living, then we might next ask what is the most fundamental unit of life?</p>
<h5>Cells</h5>
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<p class="mb-10">The Fundamental Unit of Life is the Cell</p>
<li>
<ul><b>1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells:</b> forms of life are arranged in a highly ordered manner with the cell being the fundamental unit of life</ul>
<ul><b>2. The cell is the smallest unit that has the properties of life:</b> All life acquires energy from the environment and uses it to maintain their ordered state</ul>
<ul><b>3. Cells arise only from the growth and division of preexisting cells</b> All organism can make more of their own kind (viruses require hosts to do this and therefore are often not considered “living”)</ul>
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<p class="mb-30">There are many different kinds of cells including bacteria, protozoa, algae, animal, and plant cells to name only a few. Unicellular organisms such as bacteria, protozoa and algae as the name implies are single cell organisms whereas multicellular organisms such as ourselves are made up of a vast array of specialized cells. The differences in cells can be easily identified from comparisons of sub-cellular structures termed organelles.
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<p class="mb-30">Organelles are similar to organs as they play a small part to the collective functioning of the cell. Here we will compare the general organelles found in plant and animal cells</p>
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<img src="assets/img/cellsandrespiration/animalvsplant.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p class="mb-30">Both plant and animal cells have a nucleus that contains chromosomes. Chromosomes are wound up strings of DNA which holds the genetic information needed to build out and control the activities of the cell. Both contain a cell membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell as well as the cytoplasm, a gel like substance where the majority of chemical reactions occur. Both plant and animal cells also contain mitochondria. Mitochondria is where the majority of reactions for aerobic respiration occur. This organelle is critical in the conversion of chemicals from the breakdown of our food into usable chemical energy that can be stored and utilized for work. Plants also convert energy from sunlight therefore they are unique from animal cells in that they contain an organelle specialized in photosynthesis called chloroplasts. Chloroplast is filled with chlorophyl and protien structure essential for photosynthesis. The plant cell also has a thicker cell wall as well as a vacuole that helps maintain water balance. Without the cell wall anaimal cells have much more debris filtering through the cell membrane therefore they often contian lysosomes with the speicalized function of breaking down cell waste and foriegn debris. Additionally many animal cells contain centrioles important for the formation of cytoskeletal components neccesary for cell structure and division. </p>
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<p class="mb-30">In a multicellular organism cells begin life as stem cells. Stem cells are what we call undifferentiated in that they do not have any specialized functions. Based on signals from the surrounding environment a stem cell is able to read specific portions of its DNA in order to express proteins, the workers of the cells, this selective reading of DNA allows it to differentiate. Differentiation allows cells to develop different subcellular structures and turn it into different types of cells specialized for specific functions. Our bodies are made of trillions of these specialized cells. Our brains for instance are comprised mainly of neuronal and glial cells. Whereas are skin is made up of various types of epithelial cells. The differentiation and specialization of cell types creates a layer of complexity that allows for the formation of organelles and organ systems with specialized functions. Our skin cells are specialists in border control whereas our brain cells specialize in the collective processing of information. Together cells form organelles that form organs that lead the way to the organ systems that integrate to create the working bodies our consciousness fills.
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