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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<h4><a href="#">Abiogenesis: The Spontaneous Formation of Life</a></h4>
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<li class="author">by:<a href="index.html">Mitchell Shiell</a></li>
<li class="date">date:<a>June 15, 2020</a></li>
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<p class="mb-30">What would happen if you continually cut an apple in half? The Greek philosopher Democritus reasoned that you’d eventually reach a point where the apple, or more generally matter, could not be cut any further. He termed this final, uncuttable matter, Atomos (Greek for Uncuttable). However simple, this idea set a course for a scientific epic in the understanding our large universe through the pursuit of finding its smallest units. Unfortunately, a far more famous, and for the time influential philosopher, Aristotle, would laugh at the idea of Democritus’s uncuttable atomos. For 2000 years the thought of atoms would lay dormant. Really makes you think what else has not yet been appreciated for its worth.
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<p class="mb-30">Thankfully, John Dalton, a school teacher and part time researcher would revive the idea of the atom. Daltons work described the first atomic theory and set 5 main principles ready to be scrutinized under the lens of the scientific method. His theory is as follows:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="mb-10">What is Life?</p>
<p class="mb-10">We may be able to recognize life fairly easily yet defining it can be a more difficult task </p>
<p class="mb-10">Here are Seven fundamental Characteristics that life shares</p>
<li>
<ul>1. Displays Order</ul>
<ul>2. Harnesses and uses energy</ul>
<ul>3. Reproduces</ul>
<ul>4. Responds to Stimuli</ul>
<ul>5. Exhibits Homeostasis</ul>
<ul>5. Growth and development</ul>
<ul>5. Evolves</ul>
</li>
</blockquote>
<p class="mb-30">Over time scientific theories often evolve and Daltons atomic theory was no exception the next evolution would come about 100 years later with the discovery of a particle smaller than the atom itself!</p>
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<img src="assets/img/blog/at/plum.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
The electron was discovered by the British physicist J.J Thompson. It was shown to be a tiny, almost massless and negatively charged component of the atom. Since atoms were self-contained units it was therefore hypothesized that atoms were made of electrons scattered in a cloud of positive charge (since like charges attract this cloud would hold the atom together).</p>
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<p class="mb-30">Following J.J Thompson our understanding of the atom speeds up.</p>
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<img src="assets/img/blog/at/bhorrruth.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p class="mb-30">Ernest Rutherford shot special particles, called alpha particles, toward atoms, and from measuring the angle of deflections he found that the atom was almost entirely comprised of empty space! Therefore, Rutherford modelled the atom with electrons orbiting around a compact, positively charged center called the nucleus.</p>
<p class="mb-30">Niels Bohr would refine this model with electrons orbiting at fixed orbits and energies, much like the planets orbiting our sun. The electrons energy was therefore quantized to these orbits explaining phenomenon such as the emission spectra of elements. Niels Bohr is also celebrated for discovering the particle responsible for the positively charged nucleus termed the proton.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="mb-30">The last fundamental particle of the atom discovered was the neutron, a neutrally charged particle also found within the nucleus alongside the proton. We now have a picture of atoms that contain a compact nucleus made of protons and neutrons orbited by electrons.</p>
<img src="assets/img/blog/at/atoms.png" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p class="mb-30">Now although Niels Bohrs planetary model is the most convenient in visualizing the protons, neutrons and electrons of atoms, Erwin Schrodinger would flip the world on its head producing our most widely accepted, accurate and unfortunately, unintuitive model of the atom. This model is known as the quantum model. In the quantum model the electron is not only a particle but also a wave (I know). It also sets definitive limits on our accuracy and precision in observation. Although at face value this may seem innocuous it has serious implications philosophically (click here for more on the Quantum model).</p>
<p class="mb-30">For many students they will first use Niels Bohrs “planetary model” of the atom. This model is far more intuitive and will allow you to learn at a faster rate compared with jumping straight into quantum mechanics.
<img src="assets/img/blog/am.jpg" class="frontpage" alt="reviews2">
<p class="mb-30">Lastly for those wondering if the atoms electrons, protons and neutrons, are truly fundamental units in the sense that they can’t be broken down further than I recommend you look into particle physics. Specifically, the standard model. Physicists have been smashing atoms together and studying the resulting particles and energies of the very momentarily broken atoms. What we currently believe are truly the fundamental units of our universe have been organized into what’s called the Standard model of particle physics. It involves mysterious particles such as quarks, leptons, and the most recently discovered Higgs boson. These findings sit at the very edge of our current understanding.</p>
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<h2>Knowledge is like a sphere, the greater its volume, the larger its contact with the unknown - Blaise Pascal</h2>
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<h4><a href="Drawing Atoms.html">Building the Elements of the Periodic Table</a></h4>
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