jupyter_toree_spark_vegas_integration.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Spark Scala Visualization Using Vegas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![](assets/vegas.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Vegas aims to be the missing MatPlotLib for the Scala and Spark world. Vegas wraps around Vega-Lite but provides syntax more familiar (and type checked) for use within Scala.\n",
    "\n",
    "Vegas provides several options for rendering plots. The primary focus is using Vegas within interactive notebook environments, such as Jupyter and Zeppelin. Rendering is provided via an implicit instance of ShowRender, which tells Vegas how to display the plot in a particular environment. The default instance of ShowRender uses a macro which attempts to guess your environment, but if for some reason that fails, you can specify your own instance:\n",
    "\n",
    "Follow the instructions here to integrate vegas with Jupyter - Apache Toree:\n",
    "\n",
    "https://github.com/vegas-viz/Vegas\n",
    "\n",
    "**The graphs may not render if you view this notebook via GitHub. In order to see the rendered visualizations please use the following link of NbViewer to view it directly on their server.**  \n",
    "https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/anindya-saha/Data-Science-with-Spark/blob/master/jupyter_toree_spark_vegas_integration.ipynb"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Marking org.vegas-viz:vegas_2.11:0.3.11 for download\n",
      "Preparing to fetch from:\n",
      "-> file:/tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/\n",
      "-> https://repo1.maven.org/maven2\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/webjars/bower/vega/3.0.0-rc4/vega-3.0.0-rc4.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/scalaz/scalaz-core_2.11/7.1.1/scalaz-core_2.11-7.1.1.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/cats-kernel_2.11/0.9.0/cats-kernel_2.11-0.9.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/scalafx/scalafx_2.11/8.0.92-R10/scalafx_2.11-8.0.92-R10.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/chuusai/shapeless_2.11/2.3.2/shapeless_2.11-2.3.2.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/vegas-viz/vegas_2.11/0.3.11/vegas_2.11-0.3.11.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-numbers_2.11/0.7.0/circe-numbers_2.11-0.7.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/cats-core_2.11/0.9.0/cats-core_2.11-0.9.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/webjars/bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite-1.2.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/github/julien-truffaut/monocle-core_2.11/1.1.0/monocle-core_2.11-1.1.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/vegas-viz/vegas-macros_2.11/0.3.11/vegas-macros_2.11-0.3.11.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-generic_2.11/0.7.0/circe-generic_2.11-0.7.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-core_2.11/0.7.0/circe-core_2.11-0.7.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-jawn_2.11/0.7.0/circe-jawn_2.11-0.7.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/github/mpilquist/simulacrum_2.11/0.10.0/simulacrum_2.11-0.10.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/machinist_2.11/0.6.1/machinist_2.11-0.6.1.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/spire-math/jawn-parser_2.11/0.10.4/jawn-parser_2.11-0.10.4.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/cats-macros_2.11/0.9.0/cats-macros_2.11-0.9.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/github/julien-truffaut/monocle-macro_2.11/1.1.0/monocle-macro_2.11-1.1.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-parser_2.11/0.7.0/circe-parser_2.11-0.7.0.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/macro-compat_2.11/1.1.1/macro-compat_2.11-1.1.1.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-numbers_2.11/0.7.0/circe-numbers_2.11-0.7.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/scalafx/scalafx_2.11/8.0.92-R10/scalafx_2.11-8.0.92-R10.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/webjars/bower/vega/3.0.0-rc4/vega-3.0.0-rc4.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/vegas-viz/vegas-macros_2.11/0.3.11/vegas-macros_2.11-0.3.11.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/scalaz/scalaz-core_2.11/7.1.1/scalaz-core_2.11-7.1.1.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-generic_2.11/0.7.0/circe-generic_2.11-0.7.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/vegas-viz/vegas_2.11/0.3.11/vegas_2.11-0.3.11.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/webjars/bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite-1.2.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-jawn_2.11/0.7.0/circe-jawn_2.11-0.7.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/github/mpilquist/simulacrum_2.11/0.10.0/simulacrum_2.11-0.10.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/chuusai/shapeless_2.11/2.3.2/shapeless_2.11-2.3.2.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/github/julien-truffaut/monocle-core_2.11/1.1.0/monocle-core_2.11-1.1.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/machinist_2.11/0.6.1/machinist_2.11-0.6.1.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/spire-math/jawn-parser_2.11/0.10.4/jawn-parser_2.11-0.10.4.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/cats-kernel_2.11/0.9.0/cats-kernel_2.11-0.9.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/github/julien-truffaut/monocle-macro_2.11/1.1.0/monocle-macro_2.11-1.1.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/cats-macros_2.11/0.9.0/cats-macros_2.11-0.9.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-core_2.11/0.7.0/circe-core_2.11-0.7.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/circe/circe-parser_2.11/0.7.0/circe-parser_2.11-0.7.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/cats-core_2.11/0.9.0/cats-core_2.11-0.9.0.pom\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/typelevel/macro-compat_2.11/1.1.1/macro-compat_2.11-1.1.1.pom\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "// for adding vegas dependencies to the notebook\n",
    "%AddDeps org.vegas-viz vegas_2.11 0.3.11 --transitive"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "render = <function1>\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<function1>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "implicit val render = vegas.render.ShowHTML(kernel.display.content(\"text/html\", _))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Marking org.vegas-viz:vegas-spark_2.11:0.3.11 for download\n",
      "Preparing to fetch from:\n",
      "-> file:/tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/\n",
      "-> https://repo1.maven.org/maven2\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/vegas-viz/vegas-spark_2.11/0.3.11/vegas-spark_2.11-0.3.11.jar\n",
      "-> New file at /tmp/toree-tmp-dir5822755661084222463/toree_add_deps/https/repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/vegas-viz/vegas-spark_2.11/0.3.11/vegas-spark_2.11-0.3.11.pom\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "// for adding spark integration with vegas\n",
    "%AddDeps org.vegas-viz vegas-spark_2.11 0.3.11"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "// vegas integration\n",
    "import vegas._\n",
    "import vegas.data.External._"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "// vegas and spark integration\n",
    "import vegas.sparkExt._"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# A simple bar chart with embedded data."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-91119b87-da15-45f3-b4cb-1310e29b8065\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-91119b87-da15-45f3-b4cb-1310e29b8065'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;bar&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;a&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;b&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;A simple bar chart with embedded data.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;values&quot; : [\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;A&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 28\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;B&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 55\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;C&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 43\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;D&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 91\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;E&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 81\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;F&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 53\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;G&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 19\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;H&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 87\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;I&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 52\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    ]\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-91119b87-da15-45f3-b4cb-1310e29b8065&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-91119b87-da15-45f3-b4cb-1310e29b8065'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"A simple bar chart with embedded data.\").\n",
    "  withData(Seq(\n",
    "    Map(\"a\" -> \"A\", \"b\" -> 28), Map(\"a\" -> \"B\", \"b\" -> 55), Map(\"a\" -> \"C\", \"b\" -> 43),\n",
    "    Map(\"a\" -> \"D\", \"b\" -> 91), Map(\"a\" -> \"E\", \"b\" -> 81), Map(\"a\" -> \"F\", \"b\" -> 53),\n",
    "    Map(\"a\" -> \"G\", \"b\" -> 19), Map(\"a\" -> \"H\", \"b\" -> 87), Map(\"a\" -> \"I\", \"b\" -> 52)\n",
    "  )).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"a\", Ordinal).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"b\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  mark(Bar).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# The same simple bar chart above but now with data from Spark DataFrame."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import spark.implicits._"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import org.apache.spark.sql.types._\n",
    "import org.apache.spark.sql.functions._"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "spark = org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession@424eb049\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ul>\n",
       "<li><a href=\"Some(http://ip-172-30-2-158.ec2.internal:4040)\" target=\"new_tab\">Spark UI: local-1528599106054</a></li>\n",
       "</ul>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Spark local-1528599106054: Some(http://ip-172-30-2-158.ec2.internal:4040)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "val spark = (SparkSession\n",
    "         .builder\n",
    "         .master(\"local[*]\")\n",
    "         .appName(\"scala-spark-vegas-integration\")\n",
    "         .getOrCreate())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "+---+---+\n",
      "|  a|  b|\n",
      "+---+---+\n",
      "|  E| 81|\n",
      "|  F| 53|\n",
      "|  A| 28|\n",
      "|  I| 52|\n",
      "|  G| 19|\n",
      "|  B| 55|\n",
      "|  C| 43|\n",
      "|  H| 87|\n",
      "|  D| 91|\n",
      "+---+---+\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "data = Map(E -> 81, F -> 53, A -> 28, I -> 52, G -> 19, B -> 55, C -> 43, H -> 87, D -> 91)\n",
       "df = [a: string, b: int]\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[a: string, b: int]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "val data = Map(\"A\"-> 28, \"B\"-> 55, \"C\" -> 43, \"D\" -> 91, \"E\" -> 81, \"F\" -> 53, \"G\" -> 19, \"H\" -> 87, \"I\" -> 52)\n",
    "val df = data.toSeq.toDF(\"a\", \"b\")\n",
    "df.show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-fff95f8c-100a-4562-9f53-efea507d46d9\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-fff95f8c-100a-4562-9f53-efea507d46d9'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;bar&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;a&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;b&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;A simple bar chart with data from Spark Data Frame.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;values&quot; : [\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;E&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 81\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;F&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 53\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;A&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 28\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;I&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 52\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;G&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 19\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;B&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 55\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;C&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 43\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;H&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 87\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;a&quot; : &quot;D&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;b&quot; : 91\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    ]\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-fff95f8c-100a-4562-9f53-efea507d46d9&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-fff95f8c-100a-4562-9f53-efea507d46d9'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"A simple bar chart with data from Spark Data Frame.\").\n",
    "  withDataFrame(df).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"a\", Ordinal).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"b\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  mark(Bar).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "spark.stop()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# A bar chart showing the US population distribution of age groups in 2000."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-ba87f1e4-f391-4530-8f90-acfb9eb82485\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-ba87f1e4-f391-4530-8f90-acfb9eb82485'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;bar&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;axis&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;title&quot; : &quot;population&quot;\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;people&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;sum&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;scale&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;bandSize&quot; : 17.0\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;age&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;A bar chart showing the US population distribution of age groups in 2000.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/population.json&quot;\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;transform&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;filter&quot; : &quot;datum.year == 2000&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-ba87f1e4-f391-4530-8f90-acfb9eb82485&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-ba87f1e4-f391-4530-8f90-acfb9eb82485'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"A bar chart showing the US population distribution of age groups in 2000.\").\n",
    "  withURL(Population).\n",
    "  mark(Bar).\n",
    "  filter(\"datum.year == 2000\").\n",
    "  encodeY(\"age\", Ordinal, scale=Scale(bandSize=17)).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"people\", Quantitative, aggregate=AggOps.Sum, axis=Axis(title=\"population\")).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-026982aa-6d08-4db0-8761-771c6646af41\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-026982aa-6d08-4db0-8761-771c6646af41'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;bar&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;column&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;axis&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;orient&quot; : &quot;bottom&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;axisWidth&quot; : 1.0,\n",
       "        &quot;offset&quot; : -8.0\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;scale&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;padding&quot; : 4.0\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;age&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;axis&quot; : false,\n",
       "      &quot;scale&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;bandSize&quot; : 6.0\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;gender&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;axis&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;title&quot; : &quot;population&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;grid&quot; : false\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;people&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;sum&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;scale&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;range&quot; : [\n",
       "          &quot;#EA98D2&quot;,\n",
       "          &quot;#659CCA&quot;\n",
       "        ]\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;gender&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/population.json&quot;\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;transform&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;filter&quot; : &quot;datum.year == 2000&quot;,\n",
       "    &quot;calculate&quot; : [\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;field&quot; : &quot;gender&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;expr&quot; : &quot;datum.sex == 2 ? \\&quot;Female\\&quot; : \\&quot;Male\\&quot;&quot;\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    ]\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;config&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;facet&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;cell&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;strokeWidth&quot; : 0.0\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-026982aa-6d08-4db0-8761-771c6646af41&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-026982aa-6d08-4db0-8761-771c6646af41'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas().\n",
    "  withURL(Population).\n",
    "  mark(Bar).\n",
    "  addTransformCalculation(\"gender\", \"\"\"datum.sex == 2 ? \"Female\" : \"Male\"\"\"\").\n",
    "  filter(\"datum.year == 2000\").\n",
    "  encodeColumn(\"age\", Ord, scale=Scale(padding=4.0), axis=Axis(orient=Orient.Bottom, axisWidth=1.0, offset= -8.0)).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"people\", Quantitative, aggregate=AggOps.Sum, axis=Axis(title=\"population\", grid=false)).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"gender\", Nominal, scale=Scale(bandSize = 6.0), hideAxis=true).\n",
    "  encodeColor(\"gender\", Nominal, scale=Scale(rangeNominals=List(\"#EA98D2\", \"#659CCA\"))).\n",
    "  configFacet(cell=CellConfig(strokeWidth = 0)).\n",
    "  show\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-52e15d40-ac5d-4eb7-985a-92dc1baa7dfa\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-52e15d40-ac5d-4eb7-985a-92dc1baa7dfa'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;area&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;axis&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;labelAngle&quot; : 0.0,\n",
       "        &quot;format&quot; : &quot;%Y&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;axisWidth&quot; : 0.0\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;scale&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;nice&quot; : &quot;month&quot;\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;date&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;temporal&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;timeUnit&quot; : &quot;yearmonth&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;count&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;sum&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/unemployment-across-industries.json&quot;\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;config&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;cell&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;width&quot; : 300.0,\n",
       "      &quot;height&quot; : 200.0\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-52e15d40-ac5d-4eb7-985a-92dc1baa7dfa&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-52e15d40-ac5d-4eb7-985a-92dc1baa7dfa'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas().\n",
    "  withURL(Unemployment).\n",
    "  mark(Area).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"date\", Temp, timeUnit=TimeUnit.Yearmonth, scale=Scale(nice=Nice.Month),\n",
    "    axis=Axis(axisWidth=0, format=\"%Y\", labelAngle=0)).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"count\", Quantitative, aggregate=AggOps.Sum).\n",
    "  configCell(width=300, height=200).\n",
    "  show\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-35df7cbd-f2ab-41cc-89de-8e6687335cf4\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-35df7cbd-f2ab-41cc-89de-8e6687335cf4'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;bar&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;scale&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;bandSize&quot; : 17.0\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;age&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;axis&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;title&quot; : &quot;population&quot;\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;people&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;sum&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;scale&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;range&quot; : [\n",
       "          &quot;#EA98D2&quot;,\n",
       "          &quot;#659CCA&quot;\n",
       "        ]\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;gender&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/population.json&quot;\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;transform&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;filter&quot; : &quot;datum.year == 2000&quot;,\n",
       "    &quot;calculate&quot; : [\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;field&quot; : &quot;gender&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;expr&quot; : &quot;datum.sex == 2 ? \\&quot;Female\\&quot; : \\&quot;Male\\&quot;&quot;\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    ]\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;config&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;mark&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;stacked&quot; : &quot;normalize&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-35df7cbd-f2ab-41cc-89de-8e6687335cf4&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-35df7cbd-f2ab-41cc-89de-8e6687335cf4'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas().\n",
    "  withURL(Population).\n",
    "  filter(\"datum.year == 2000\").\n",
    "  addTransform(\"gender\", \"datum.sex == 2 ? \\\"Female\\\" : \\\"Male\\\"\").\n",
    "  mark(Bar).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"people\", Quant, AggOps.Sum, axis=Axis(title=\"population\")).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"age\", Ord, scale=Scale(bandSize= 17)).\n",
    "  encodeColor(\"gender\", Nominal, scale=Scale(rangeNominals=List(\"#EA98D2\", \"#659CCA\"))).\n",
    "  configMark(stacked=StackOffset.Normalize).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# A trellis scatterplot showing Horsepower and Miles per gallons, faceted by binned values of Acceleration."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-cc417b5b-9093-47b7-bb5c-5a02a106f179\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-cc417b5b-9093-47b7-bb5c-5a02a106f179'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;point&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;row&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Acceleration&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;bin&quot; : true\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Miles_per_Gallon&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;A trellis scatterplot showing Horsepower and Miles per gallons, faceted by binned values of Acceleration.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-cc417b5b-9093-47b7-bb5c-5a02a106f179&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-cc417b5b-9093-47b7-bb5c-5a02a106f179'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"A trellis scatterplot showing Horsepower and Miles per gallons, faceted by binned values of Acceleration.\").\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  mark(Point).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Horsepower\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Miles_per_Gallon\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeRow(\"Acceleration\", Quantitative, enableBin=true).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-37f6de58-cef8-4881-b345-6f088c131241\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-37f6de58-cef8-4881-b345-6f088c131241'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;point&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;IMDB_Rating&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;bin&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;maxbins&quot; : 10.0\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Rotten_Tomatoes_Rating&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;bin&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;maxbins&quot; : 10.0\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;size&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;*&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;count&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/movies.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-37f6de58-cef8-4881-b345-6f088c131241&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-37f6de58-cef8-4881-b345-6f088c131241'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas().\n",
    "  withURL(Movies).\n",
    "  mark(Point).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"IMDB_Rating\", Quantitative, bin=Bin(maxbins=10.0)).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Rotten_Tomatoes_Rating\", Quantitative, bin=Bin(maxbins=10.0)).\n",
    "  encodeSize(aggregate=AggOps.Count, field=\"*\", dataType=Quantitative).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-9761a754-f73d-49e7-827b-5670165a98fd\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-9761a754-f73d-49e7-827b-5670165a98fd'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;point&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Miles_per_Gallon&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Origin&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-9761a754-f73d-49e7-827b-5670165a98fd&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-9761a754-f73d-49e7-827b-5670165a98fd'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas().\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  mark(Point).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Horsepower\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Miles_per_Gallon\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeColor(field=\"Origin\", dataType=Nominal).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# A scatterplot showing horsepower and miles per gallons with binned acceleration on color."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-6599b1d1-c1be-4f99-8f54-28cc724f5447\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-6599b1d1-c1be-4f99-8f54-28cc724f5447'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;point&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Miles_per_Gallon&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Acceleration&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;bin&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;maxbins&quot; : 5.0\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;A scatterplot showing horsepower and miles per gallons with binned acceleration on color.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-6599b1d1-c1be-4f99-8f54-28cc724f5447&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-6599b1d1-c1be-4f99-8f54-28cc724f5447'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"A scatterplot showing horsepower and miles per gallons with binned acceleration on color.\").\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  mark(Point).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Horsepower\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Miles_per_Gallon\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeColor(field=\"Acceleration\", dataType=Quantitative, bin=Bin(maxbins=5.0)).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-b4349353-2d94-4e73-a654-b560a247ece5\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-b4349353-2d94-4e73-a654-b560a247ece5'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;area&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Acceleration&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;bin&quot; : {\n",
       "        \n",
       "      }\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;bin&quot; : false,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;mean&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Cylinders&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-b4349353-2d94-4e73-a654-b560a247ece5&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-b4349353-2d94-4e73-a654-b560a247ece5'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas().\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  mark(Area).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Acceleration\", Quantitative, bin=Bin()).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Horsepower\", Quantitative, AggOps.Mean, enableBin=false).\n",
    "  encodeColor(field=\"Cylinders\", dataType=Nominal).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# The Trellis display by Becker et al. helped establish small multiples as a “powerful mechanism for understanding interactions in studies of how a response depends on explanatory variables”. Here we reproduce a trellis of Barley yields from the 1930s, complete with main-effects ordering to facilitate comparison."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-6859f03a-6ea4-4e37-b7b5-5d44fb7cf532\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-6859f03a-6ea4-4e37-b7b5-5d44fb7cf532'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;point&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;row&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;site&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;yield&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;mean&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;scale&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;bandSize&quot; : 12.0\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;sort&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;field&quot; : &quot;yield&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;op&quot; : &quot;mean&quot;\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;variety&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;year&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;The Trellis display by Becker et al. helped establish small multiples as a “powerful mechanism for understanding interactions in studies of how a response depends on explanatory variables”. Here we reproduce a trellis of Barley yields from the 1930s, complete with main-effects ordering to facilitate comparison.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/barley.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-6859f03a-6ea4-4e37-b7b5-5d44fb7cf532&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-6859f03a-6ea4-4e37-b7b5-5d44fb7cf532'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"The Trellis display by Becker et al. helped establish small multiples as a “powerful mechanism for understanding interactions in studies of how a response depends on explanatory variables”. Here we reproduce a trellis of Barley yields from the 1930s, complete with main-effects ordering to facilitate comparison.\").\n",
    "  withURL(Barley).\n",
    "  mark(Point).\n",
    "  encodeRow(\"site\", Ordinal).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"yield\", Quantitative, aggregate=AggOps.Mean).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"variety\", Ordinal, sortField=Sort(\"yield\", AggOps.Mean), scale=Scale(bandSize = 12.0)).\n",
    "  encodeColor(field=\"year\", dataType=Nominal).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# A scatterplot with custom star shapes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-aba3861b-ee78-4054-8695-95f253e4a2ae\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-aba3861b-ee78-4054-8695-95f253e4a2ae'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;point&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Miles_per_Gallon&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Cylinders&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;size&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Weight_in_lbs&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;A scatterplot with custom star shapes.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;config&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;mark&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;shape&quot; : &quot;M0,0.2L0.2351,0.3236 0.1902,0.0618 0.3804,-0.1236 0.1175,-0.1618 0,-0.4 -0.1175,-0.1618 -0.3804,-0.1236 -0.1902,0.0618 -0.2351,0.3236 0,0.2Z&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-aba3861b-ee78-4054-8695-95f253e4a2ae&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-aba3861b-ee78-4054-8695-95f253e4a2ae'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"A scatterplot with custom star shapes.\").\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  mark(Point).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Horsepower\", Quant).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Miles_per_Gallon\", Quant).\n",
    "  encodeColor(\"Cylinders\", Nom).\n",
    "  encodeSize(\"Weight_in_lbs\", Quant).\n",
    "  configMark(customShape=\"M0,0.2L0.2351,0.3236 0.1902,0.0618 0.3804,-0.1236 0.1175,-0.1618 0,-0.4 -0.1175,-0.1618 -0.3804,-0.1236 -0.1902,0.0618 -0.2351,0.3236 0,0.2Z\").\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# A scatterplot showing average horsepower and displacement for cars from different origins."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-22277d35-c2c1-48cd-bf0a-11dc678a8992\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-22277d35-c2c1-48cd-bf0a-11dc678a8992'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;point&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;mean&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Displacement&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;mean&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;detail&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Origin&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;A scatterplot showing average horsepower and displacement for cars from different origins.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-22277d35-c2c1-48cd-bf0a-11dc678a8992&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-22277d35-c2c1-48cd-bf0a-11dc678a8992'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"A scatterplot showing average horsepower and displacement for cars from different origins.\").\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  mark(Point).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Horsepower\", Quant, AggOps.Mean).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Displacement\", Quant, AggOps.Mean).\n",
    "  encodeDetail(\"Origin\").\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Stock prices of 5 Tech Companies Over Time."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-4523cd73-289a-402b-8afc-2720391ca38c\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-4523cd73-289a-402b-8afc-2720391ca38c'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;line&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;date&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;temporal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;price&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;detail&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;symbol&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;Stock prices of 5 Tech Companies Over Time.&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;format&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;csv&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/stocks.csv&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-4523cd73-289a-402b-8afc-2720391ca38c&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-4523cd73-289a-402b-8afc-2720391ca38c'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"Stock prices of 5 Tech Companies Over Time.\").\n",
    "  withURL(Stocks, formatType = DataFormat.Csv).\n",
    "  mark(Line).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"date\", Temp).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"price\", Quant).\n",
    "  encodeDetailFields(Field(field=\"symbol\", dataType=Nominal)).\n",
    "  show\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Plot with hard-coded size value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-dd66273a-b054-485d-8e47-663a970662f0\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-dd66273a-b054-485d-8e47-663a970662f0'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;circle&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Miles_per_Gallon&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;size&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;value&quot; : 201.0\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;Plot with hard-coded size value&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-dd66273a-b054-485d-8e47-663a970662f0&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-dd66273a-b054-485d-8e47-663a970662f0'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"Plot with hard-coded size value\").\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  mark(Circle).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Horsepower\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Miles_per_Gallon\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeSize(value=201L).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Plots both mean and IQR as a background layer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-2b86e7d6-c788-45d4-ac3a-45270bdd20d7\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-2b86e7d6-c788-45d4-ac3a-45270bdd20d7'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;layers&quot; : [\n",
       "    {\n",
       "      &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;line&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "          &quot;field&quot; : &quot;age&quot;,\n",
       "          &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "        },\n",
       "        &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "          &quot;field&quot; : &quot;people&quot;,\n",
       "          &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;mean&quot;\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    {\n",
       "      &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;area&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "          &quot;field&quot; : &quot;age&quot;,\n",
       "          &quot;type&quot; : &quot;ordinal&quot;\n",
       "        },\n",
       "        &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "          &quot;field&quot; : &quot;people&quot;,\n",
       "          &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;q1&quot;\n",
       "        },\n",
       "        &quot;y2&quot; : {\n",
       "          &quot;field&quot; : &quot;people&quot;,\n",
       "          &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;q3&quot;\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  ],\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;Plots both mean and IQR as a background layer&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/population.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-2b86e7d6-c788-45d4-ac3a-45270bdd20d7&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-2b86e7d6-c788-45d4-ac3a-45270bdd20d7'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas.layered(\"Plots both mean and IQR as a background layer\").\n",
    "  withURL(Population).\n",
    "  withLayers(\n",
    "    Layer().\n",
    "      mark(Line).\n",
    "      encodeX(\"age\", Ordinal).\n",
    "      encodeY(\"people\", aggregate=AggOps.Mean),\n",
    "    Layer().\n",
    "      mark(Area).\n",
    "      encodeX(\"age\", Ordinal).\n",
    "      encodeY(\"people\", aggregate=AggOps.Q1).\n",
    "      encodeY2(\"people\", aggregate=AggOps.Q3)\n",
    "  ).\n",
    "  show\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Plot with legend on the left and a different title "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-b26bea89-23db-425b-8b96-f8b256291e99\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-b26bea89-23db-425b-8b96-f8b256291e99'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;point&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Miles_per_Gallon&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;legend&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;title&quot; : &quot;Place of Origin&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;orient&quot; : &quot;left&quot;\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Origin&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;shape&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;legend&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;title&quot; : &quot;Place of Origin&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;orient&quot; : &quot;left&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;titleColor&quot; : &quot;red&quot;\n",
       "      },\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Origin&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;Plot with legend on the left and a different title &quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-b26bea89-23db-425b-8b96-f8b256291e99&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-b26bea89-23db-425b-8b96-f8b256291e99'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"Plot with legend on the left and a different title \").\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  mark(Point).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Horsepower\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Miles_per_Gallon\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeColor(field=\"Origin\", dataType=Nominal, legend=Legend(orient = \"left\", title=\"Place of Origin\" )).\n",
    "  encodeShape(field=\"Origin\", dataType=Nominal, legend=Legend(orient = \"left\", title=\"Place of Origin\",\n",
    "    titleColor=\"red\")).\n",
    "  show\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Plot to show Binning options"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-f36fae93-6d18-42ee-ada3-62c51f1ea82b\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-f36fae93-6d18-42ee-ada3-62c51f1ea82b'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;bar&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;IMDB_Rating&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;bin&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;step&quot; : 2.0,\n",
       "        &quot;maxbins&quot; : 3.0\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;*&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;count&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;Plot to show Binning options&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/movies.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-f36fae93-6d18-42ee-ada3-62c51f1ea82b&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-f36fae93-6d18-42ee-ada3-62c51f1ea82b'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"Plot to show Binning options\").\n",
    "  withURL(Movies).\n",
    "  mark(Bar).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"IMDB_Rating\", Quantitative, bin=Bin(step=2.0, maxbins=3.0)).\n",
    "  encodeY(field=\"*\", Quantitative, aggregate=AggOps.Count).\n",
    "  show\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Plot to show Binning options"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-0d0a77b2-3f81-4e8e-8913-213576e03b63\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-0d0a77b2-3f81-4e8e-8913-213576e03b63'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;bar&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;sort&quot; : &quot;descending&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Worldwide_Gross&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;bin&quot; : {\n",
       "        &quot;maxbins&quot; : 20.0\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;*&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;aggregate&quot; : &quot;count&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;Plot to show Binning options&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/movies.json&quot;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-0d0a77b2-3f81-4e8e-8913-213576e03b63&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-0d0a77b2-3f81-4e8e-8913-213576e03b63'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"Plot to show Binning options\").\n",
    "  withURL(Movies).\n",
    "  mark(Bar).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Worldwide_Gross\", Quant, bin=Bin(maxbins=20.0), sortOrder=SortOrder.Desc).\n",
    "  encodeY(field=\"*\", Quant, aggregate=AggOps.Count).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Plot to show usage of encodeText"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <iframe id=\"frame-vegas-8c6900cb-1849-4434-ad1e-f1f30d2ea79c\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%\" srcdoc=\"&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/d3/3.5.17/d3.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega/2.6.3/vega.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/webjars/org.webjars.bower/vega-lite/1.2.0/vega-lite.min.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script src=&quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/vendor/vega-embed.js&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "  &lt;body&gt;\n",
       " &lt;div id='vegas-8c6900cb-1849-4434-ad1e-f1f30d2ea79c'&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       " &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "   var embedSpec = {\n",
       "     mode: &quot;vega-lite&quot;,\n",
       "     spec: {\n",
       "  &quot;mark&quot; : &quot;text&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;encoding&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;x&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Horsepower&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;y&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Miles_per_Gallon&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;quantitative&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;color&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;Origin&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    &quot;text&quot; : {\n",
       "      &quot;field&quot; : &quot;OriginInitial&quot;,\n",
       "      &quot;type&quot; : &quot;nominal&quot;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;description&quot; : &quot;Plot to show usage of encodeText&quot;,\n",
       "  &quot;data&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;url&quot; : &quot;https://vega.github.io/vega-editor/app/data/cars.json&quot;\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  &quot;transform&quot; : {\n",
       "    &quot;calculate&quot; : [\n",
       "      {\n",
       "        &quot;field&quot; : &quot;OriginInitial&quot;,\n",
       "        &quot;expr&quot; : &quot;datum.Origin[0]&quot;\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    ]\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "   }\n",
       "   vg.embed(&quot;#vegas-8c6900cb-1849-4434-ad1e-f1f30d2ea79c&quot;, embedSpec, function(error, result) {});\n",
       " &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "\n",
       "    &lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\"></iframe>\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "    (function() {\n",
       "      function resizeIFrame(el, k) {\n",
       "        var height = el.contentWindow.document.body.scrollHeight || '400'; // Fallback in case of no scroll height\n",
       "        el.style.height = height + 'px';\n",
       "        if (k <= 10) { setTimeout(function() { resizeIFrame(el, k+1) }, 1000 + (k * 250)) };\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      resizeIFrame(document.querySelector('#frame-vegas-8c6900cb-1849-4434-ad1e-f1f30d2ea79c'), 1);\n",
       "    })(); // IIFE\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vegas(\"Plot to show usage of encodeText\").\n",
    "  withURL(Cars).\n",
    "  addTransform(\"OriginInitial\", \"datum.Origin[0]\").\n",
    "  mark(Text).\n",
    "  encodeX(\"Horsepower\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeY(\"Miles_per_Gallon\", Quantitative).\n",
    "  encodeColor(field=\"Origin\", dataType= Nominal).\n",
    "  encodeText(field=\"OriginInitial\", dataType= Nominal).\n",
    "  show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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